I found Karen Armstrong’s The Great Transformation a bit uneven — I thought some of her inferences overreached a bit, and some things she got wrong.
For instance, on p261 she argued the Socratic dialectic was a form of initiation; which argument I’d politely term ‘overly generous’. On p264, she said Plato was profoundly affected by his experience attending Socrates’ trial. Unfortunately, this is impossible; he wasn’t old enough (30 years old) to attend. There were several other examples, but these stuck out most vividly, perhaps because of my prior readings and studies on classical Greece.
Still, despite its limitations, it was an extraordinarily worthwhile read. She wrote about the Mohists — whom I’d read about previously, but for years, forgotten. They were followers of the 4th-century-BC polymath Mozi (a sort of Chinese Leonardo da Vinci). He appears to’ve had a proto-utilitarian philosophy, and perceptively argued that preferential love to one’s family, clan, or country, would degenerate into egotism.
Since his philosophies upended the wisdom of the day, he devoted a portion of his efforts to the study of logic and dialectic, to defend his arguments. In this regard, he was effectively a Chinese Socrates. Sadly, while Socrates had the immensely-influential Plato to propagate his ideas, Mozi’s successors were clobbered into obscurity by the Chinese Legalists.
Even if he wasn’t well regarded in his era and area, Mozi shows that it’s NOT ONLY in the Western philosophical tradition that logic and dialectic were studied. And knowing that fact should help inoculate against the thought of Western exceptionalism (itself a form of cultural egotism, somewhat similar to what was noted above).